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The New England Colonies of British America included the colonies of Connecticut, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts, and Province of New Hampshire. They were part of the Thirteen Colonies, along with the Middle Colonies and the Southern Colonies. These were early colonies of what would later be the states in New England.〔Gipson〕 Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work ''A Description of New England'', and first applied the term "New England"〔Bisceglia〕 to coastal lands of North America from the Long Island Sound to Newfoundland.〔Smith〕 ==17th century== There were several attempts early in the 17th century to colonize New England by France, England and other countries who were often in contention for lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua de Monts (Sieur de Monts) established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. The small St. Croix River Island is located on the northern boundary of present-day Maine. After nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy, they moved out of New England north to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605. King James I of England, recognizing the need for a permanent settlement in New England, granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony or more well known as Popham Colony (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham. The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the indigenous tribes. After the death of colony leader Captain George Popham and a decision by a second leader, Raleigh Gilbert, to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608, when they left on two ships, the ''Mary and John'' and a new ship built by the colony named ''Virginia of Sagadahoc''. The 30-ton ''Virginia'' was the first English-built ship in North America.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Maine’s First Ship: Historic Overview )〕 Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French, constructing Fort Petagouet near present-day Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protecting a trading post and a fishing station was considered the first longer term settlement in New England. The fort traded hands multiple times throughout the 17th century between the English, French and Dutch colonists.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=New France Forts )〕 In 1614, the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound, and then up the Connecticut River to site of present-day Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the new Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and ten years later they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians as well as from the expanding English colonies. They fortified the site, which was named "House of Hope" (also identified as "Fort Hoop", "Good Hope" and "Hope"),〔New York Historical Society, p. 260〕 but encroaching English colonization made them agree to withdraw a Treaty of Hartford, and by 1645 they were gone. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New England Colonies」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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